Ingredient Encyclopedia
INGREDIENT ENCYCLOPEDIA
With all the talk about natural and healthy products these days, here is a list of some ingredients that we were curious about. They'll let you know if what you consume is something you want to continue using. Also, don't forget to check out the cosmetics database to see how toxic or non-toxic your beauty products are.
If you have an idea for us to add onto the Ingredients Encyclopedia, send us an email and let us know!
Alcohol Ethoxylates—A surfactant used in cleaning products, alcohol ethoxylates are generally considered a safer substitute for other surfactants such as alklyphenol ethoxylates. They are readily biodegradable with the intermediates less toxic than the parent substance (which has a low toxicity to start with), and use less petroleum since they are created by combining vegetable oils with petrochemicals. The production of ethoxylates can produce 1,4-dioxane, which is classified as a probable carcinogen by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Alkylphenol Ethoxylates (APEs)—APEs are a common surfactant found in laundry detergents, particularly in supermarket or drugstore label brands. APEs are a suspected hormone disruptor (which means they can mimic hormones in the body that regulate reproduction and development) and can damage the immune system. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has also warned that ethoxylates such as APEs may be contaminated with the probable carcinogen 1,4-dioxane. In addition, although APEs are biodegradable, the intermediates are more toxic to aquatic organisms than the parent substance.
Allantoin—Allantoin is a compound used as a skin protectant in cosmetics and skin care products. Naturally found in the comfrey root plant (which is an herb long used in herbal medicine), it is also synthetically made. Allantoin can help soothe cuts, scrapes, and sunburn, and relieves dry skin and chapped lips. It is generally considered to be non-toxic, non-irritating, and non-allergenic.
Aloe Vera—Aloe vera is a species of succulent plant that probably originated in northern Africa, with its use being traced back 6,000 years to ancient Egypt. Traditional uses of aloe vera gel, extracted from the leaves of the plant, include topically for wounds and skin conditions and orally as a laxative. Aloe is used today in many skin care lotions and sunblocks, and is not associated with any side effects for topical applications. Studies have also shown that regular use of an aloe vera-based gel can speed the healing process in minor wounds and even severe burns.
Ammonia—Ammonia occurs both naturally and synthetically. It is an important source of nitrogen, which is needed by plants and animals. (Ammonia is commonly applied directly into soil on farm fields, and is used to make fertilizers for farm crops, lawns, and plants.) Ammonia is a colorless gas with a very distinct odor, and is commonly used in household cleaning products. Although everyone is exposed to low levels of naturally occurring ammonia in air, food, water and soil, there is increased exposure to higher levels during use of cleaning products containing ammonia. Exposure to high levels of ammonia, which is caustic and hazardous, may be irritating to the skin, eyes, throat, and lungs and cause coughing and burns. Lung damage and death may occur after exposure to very high concentrations of ammonia. Some people with asthma may be more sensitive to breathing ammonia. In addition, mixture with chlorine bleach or acids produces toxic chlorine gas.
Bamboo—Bamboo is a fast-growing grass that is a grown without any pesticides, herbicides, or fertilizers. It is being used as an alternative to hardwood flooring, cabinets, and other construction needs, as well as a fiber for textiles. Used as a wood alternative, it provides an environmentally friendly option in that it is a sustainable crop and uses no chemicals in the growing process. However, there can be chemicals used in the stains and finishes, and since most bamboo is grown in China, it is energy-intensive to import the product. Bamboo is also being used as a textile; however, the manufacturing of bamboo plants into fibers is chemically-intensive, using some very harsh and toxic chemicals that are a concern for the health of the workers as well as the environment. Some bamboo manufactured into fiber is processed mechanically, which does not pose the same health or environmental risks; however, this is very labor- and cost-intensive, so few companies use this process.
Beeswax—This is a natural substance that is a byproduct of the honey of bees, formed into the honeycombs. Harvested and manufactured without the use of any chemicals, beeswax is a very green alternative as an emulsifier in beauty products and as a material for candles. In cosmetics, it acts as an emulsifier, emollient and thickener, and produces few allergic reactions on skin. In candles, it produces negative ions (which help clean the air), burn without emitting any pollutants (unlike paraffin, made from petrochemicals, which can emit soot and toxins), and has a high melting point so it burns much longer.
Benzophenone—This is added to sunscreens as an ultraviolet (UV) light blocker and to help prevent the breakdown of other ingredients. However, it is a skin, eye, and respiratory irritant; is an endocrine disrupter; and is very toxic to aquatic organisms. According to the National Toxicology Program bezophenone has been found in surface water, groundwater, soil and air, making it a widely distributed toxic chemical.
Bergamot Oil—Although a native of tropical Asia, bergamot (Citrus bergamia) is grown commercially in Calabria, Italy. It produces a small orange-like fruit that is very bitter and inedible when raw. However, the skin of this sour fruit is used to flavor Earl Gray tea, some confections, and preserves. The essential oil (which is cold-expressed from the peel) is used in perfumes and aromatherapy products. Recent research indicates that bergamot essential oil is useful for respiratory problems, skin diseases, and mouth and urinary tract infections. It is also used as an analgesic, diuretic, antiseptic, antidepressant, deodorant, and stimulant.
Bisphenol A—Bisphenol A (BPA) is a hormone-disrupting chemical suspected of being harmful to human health and the environment. In use for over 50 years, BPA is used to make certain plastics. Of the seven types of plastics manufactured (as denoted on the recycling symbol found on the product), BPA is used in some products made from plastic types 3 and 7.
Borage Oil—Borage (Borago officianalis) is a wildflower commonly called the starflower and is found wild throughout the world. Historically, almost all parts of the plant were used for medicinal purposes. However, today the borage plant is grown and harvested not for its leaves and stems but rather for the oil found in its seeds. This oil is the richest known source (24%) of an essential fatty acid called gamma linolenic acid (GLA). Borage oil can have a significant effect on improving the health and appearance of skin tissue from within. Clinically, borage oil has been shown to be a very effective agent for treating skin disorders and for alleviating the inflammatory symptoms associated with these disorders. For everyday use, borage oil has been shown to be very effective in treating the redness, inflammation and moisture loss associated with dry skin.
Calendula—The flower petals, and occasionally the leaves, of the calendula plant (Calendula officinalis), a marigold-like plant, have been used for medicinal purposes since at least the 12th century. Calendula contains high amounts of flavonoids, plant-based antioxidants that protect the body against cell-damaging free radicals. Calendula has been used to treat irritated skin and wounds, and has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and some antibacterial effects. The dried petals of the calendula plant are used in soaps, oils, lotions, and creams, as well as tinctures and teas. Good for sensitive skin, calendula helps soothe and aid irritated skin, though it should not be used on wounds that are oozing.
Camphor—Camphor comes from the wood of the camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora), a large evergreen tree found in Asia, that has aged beyond 50 years. Camphor has a strong, aromatic odor and bitter taste and is used in a variety of ways around the world, especially in medicine and aromatherapy. Camphor is readily absorbed through the skin and produces a feeling of cooling similar to that of menthol and acts as a slight local anesthetic and antimicrobial substance. It is used in anti-itch cooling gels, and is useful with stiff muscles. In addition, camphor is an active ingredient (along with menthol) in vapor-steam products, and it is effective as a cough suppressant.
Carbamates—These are insecticides used on some crops and often used in flea powders for pets, that work by disrupting the nervous systems of insects. Many are considered highly poisonous to humans, readily absorbed through the skin and irritating to the eyes. They also interfere with nervous systems (in both humans and pets), and may cause birth defects or reproduction problems. Young children are particularly susceptible, since they crawl around on carpeting that traps pesticide residues, and have a propensity for hugging family pets and then putting their hands in their mouths (carbamates are more hazardous if ingested orally than if absorbed through skin). In addition, they have adverse environmental effects: the Audubon Society reports that carbamates have poisoned over 100 bird species.
Carcinogen—Any substance or exposure that is can lead to cancer is called a carcinogen. Several agencies determine the cancer-causing potential of different substances, including the International Agency for Research on Cancer, which classifies carcinogens in four subtypes:
1) Group 1: carcinogenic to humans;
2) Group 2A: probably carcinogenic to humans;
3) Group 2B: possibly carcinogenic to humans; and
4) Group 3: unclassifiable as to carcinogenicity to humans.
Cardamom—This is a spice that comes from the seeds of two varieties of the ginger family Zingiberaceae, namely Elettaria (regular cardamom) and Amomum (i.e., black cardamom). Both forms of cardamom are used as flavorings in food and drink, as well as for health benefits. Used in traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurveda, cardamom can be used as an anti-spasmodic, for nausea and digestive aid, as an anti-septic and anti-microbial agent, and for warming and stimulating energy. Cardamom has a strong, unique taste, with an intensely aromatic fragrance. Black cardamom has a distinctly more astringent aroma, though not bitter, with coolness similar to mint.
Cayenne—Cayenne is a hot chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) used to flavor dishes and for medicinal purposes. Cayenne contains a pungent resin-like substance known as capsaicin. This chemical (the active ingredient of pepper spray or mace) temporarily relieves pain and itching by affecting sensory nerves. The health benefits of cayenne pepper include aiding weight loss and digestion, boosting immunity, helping inflammation and joint pain, easing sore throats, and improving blood circulation.
Chamomile—Chamomile can come from several plants, notably German and Roman varieties. Used as an herbal remedy that has no side effects, chamomile’s benefits include calming and muscle relaxing abilities, especially on the nervous and digestive systems, and in regulating and easing the menstrual cycle. It also has soothing and healing influences on the skin, helping with burns, allergies, and other skin irritations, as well as being a potent remedy for inflammatory conditions. Chamomile is used in teas, supplements, and body lotions and creams.
Chelant—A chelant is a specialized molecule designed to bind to positively charged metal ions (most commonly calcium and magnesium) in solution (e.g., in water or cleaning products). By binding them with a chelant, these minerals are prevented from sticking to hard surfaces and creating “hard” water stains. In addition to softening the water of the cleaning solution, chelants are also effective in removing some stains by removing the metal ions linked to the stain, this making the stain easier to clean. Chelants are found in laundry detergents, dishwashing detergents, and other hard surface cleansers, though most in use are non-biodegradable, making them a potential hazard to the environment.
Chromium—This is a naturally occurring element that exists in two different forms: trivalent chromium (III) and hexavalent chromium (VI). Chromium (III) is an essential nutrient in humans and is much less toxic than chromium (VI). The metal chromium is used in making steel and other alloys, as well as for chrome plating, manufacturing dyes and pigments, tanning leather, preserving wood, and treating cooling tower water. Chromium (III) has shown some moderate toxicity from oral exposure. Chromium (VI) is much more toxic, especially to the respiratory system, and is a known human carcinogen.
Cinnamon—Cinnamon has a long history both as a spice for flavoring foods and for its health benefits. It comes from the brown bark of the cinnamon tree, and is available in its dried tubular form known as a quill (usually referred to as sticks) or as ground powder. Cinnamon is used in traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurveda for colds, indigestion, diabetes, and painful menstrual periods, and is useful in improving energy, vitality, and circulation. Additionally, its scent has been shown to boost brain function.
Citronella grass—Citronella grass is similar to lemongrass but is used for the production of citronella oil, which is used in soaps and as a mosquito repellent in insect sprays and candles. The principal chemical constituents of citronella (i.e., geraniol and citronellol) are antiseptics, hence their use in household disinfectants and soaps. Pure citronella oil should not be applied directly to the skin (it should be mixed with other oils and ingredients) and should not be ingested.
Coal Tar—Coal tar, which is a petroleum derivitive, is the main component to chemically synthesize many of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C) colors used in makeup and hair dye. FD&C Blue No.1 and FD&C Green No. 3 are considered to be carcinogenic, and impurities (such as arsenic and lead) in other colors (such as FD&C Red No. 33, FD&C Yellow No. 5 and FD&C Yellow No. 6) have been shown to cause cancer when applied to the skin.
Coconut Oil—Also sometimes referred to as coconut butter, this oil is cold pressed from the fruit of palm trees, which are native to the tropics and grown in sandy soil. This oil is light and non-greasy, is an emollient and has cooling properties for use as a general moisturizer. Because it is mild, it is suitable for inflamed, irritated and sensitive skin. Coconut oil is used to promote lather in soaps and gels, and is often found in lipsticks, soaps, ointments, massage creams, and sunscreens. It is also rich in lauric acid, which is known for its anti-viral, antibacterial, and anti-fungal properties.
Cypress Oil—Cypress oil is steam distilled from the needles and twigs of the cypress tree (Cupressus sempervirens) which is native to the eastern Mediterranean region. Cypress oil is a dry, spicy-sweet oil that has been valued for its medicinal and astringent properties since ancient times. It helps to calm emotions and reduce stress. It is also helpful as a vasoconstrictor, for treating excessive discharge of fluids, and for the respiratory tract.
DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide)—DEET is an insect repellant that has been used widely since the 1950s. Although it is effective in repelling insects, it is readily absorbed through the skin and passes into the blood. It is particularly harmful to the central nervous system, potentially causing problems such as lethargy, confusion, disorientation, and mood swings. It is also an eye irritant and may cause blisters, rashes, or other skin irritations. When combined with ethyl and isopropyl alcohols (components of some insect repellents), it may have even greater toxicity.
d-Limonene—Commonly found in citrus-based cleaners, d-Limonene is a naturally occurring oil in citrus peels and other plants but is usually synthetically produced for household products. It is a high-odor volatile organic compound (VOC) that can irritate skin, eyes, and lungs. It has been found to cause tumors in laboratory animals, though it is considered an unclassifiable carcinogen by the EPA.
Enzymes—Enzymes are a class of proteins produced by living organisms to catalyze (i.e., speed up) chemical reactions and help break down solids. Enzymes can be found in a wide array of natural home care products, and are especially useful in stain removal, drain and septic care.
Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs)—EFAs are long-chain polyunsaturated fats that are necessary for human health but that the human body cannot synthesize and must be obtained through diet. There are two families of EFAs: Omega-3 and Omega-6. EFAs are very important: they support the cardiovascular, reproductive, immune, and nervous systems. Some of the many functions of EFAs include:
- Assisting in the manufacture and repair of cell membranes, enabling the cells to obtain optimum nutrition and expel harmful waste products;
- Producing prostaglandins, which regulate body functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, blood clotting, and fertility, and play a role in immune function by regulating inflammation and encouraging the body to fight infection; and
- Aiding in proper growth in children, particularly for neural development and maturation of sensory systems.
EFA deficiency and imbalance is linked with serious health conditions, such as heart attacks, cancer, asthma, lupus, depression, accelerated aging, obesity, diabetes, arthritis, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and Alzheimer's Disease, among others. Some of the food sources of Omega-3 and Omega-6 EFAs are seafood, flaxseed, leafy vegetables, walnuts, and canola oil.
Ethylene Glycol—Ethylene glycol is widely used industrially as an antifreeze in cooling and heating systems and as a solvent; it is also used in nail polish, deodorant, perfumes and other cosmetics. Overexposure can result in irritation of the skin, eyes, nose and throat, and may be hazardous to the reproductive system.
Eucalyptus Oil—Eucalyptus oil is distilled from Eucalyptus, a genus of the plant family Myrtaceae native to Australia and cultivated worldwide. Eucalyptus oil is an antiseptic and antibacterial agent, often used as a component in pharmaceutical preparations to relieve the symptoms of influenza and colds, and in products like cough drops, lozenges, and inhalants. Eucalyptus oil also has anti-inflammatory and analgesic qualities as a topically applied balm ingredient, and is used in personal hygiene products (such as soaps and dental care products) for its antimicrobial properties. Eucalyptus oils contain citronella, which can be used as an insect repellent. A close relative of eucalyptus is Corymbia citirodora (known as lemon eucalyptus, lemon-scented gum, or spotted gum), which is also used in insect repellents and fragrances.
Evening Primrose Oil—Oenothera biennis is a plant native to North America and currently cultivated all over the world. It has yellow flowers that bloom in the evening (hence the name evening primrose). Evening primrose oil is used for eczema and other conditions involving inflammation, such as rheumatoid arthritis. It is also used for conditions affecting women's health, such as breast pain associated with the menstrual cycle, menopausal symptoms, and premenstrual syndrome, although scientific studies indicate mixed results.
Fir Oil—Fir oil is steam-distilled from the needles of the balsam fir tree (Abies balsamea). Valued not only for its aromatic qualities, it is also used as an analgesic, used in lotions and oils to massage into sore muscles and to ease arthritis and rheumatism. It is also included in some cough and cold remedies, and may act as an expectorant.
Ginger—The underground stem of the ginger plant, Zingiber officinale, is used for cooking as well as for its medicinal properties. Ginger has long been used for alleviating gastrointestinal distress, especially for nausea caused by seasickness, morning sickness, and chemotherapy. In addition, it has been found to be helpful as a stimulant, an anti-inflammatory, for gas relief, and for prevention or treatment of cold and flu viruses.
Goldenseal—Goldenseal is a perennial herb native to the northeastern U.S. and southeastern Canada. Goldenseal is often used as a multi-purpose remedy, having many different medicinal properties, including as an herbal antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, immune system enhancer, and digestion aid. The herb can be used topically as well as internally. In addition, goldenseal is often used to boost the medicinal effects of other herbs with which it is blended or formulated. Similar to other alkaloid-rich herbs, goldenseal should be avoided during pregnancy and only given to young children with care.
Hydrosol—Hydrosols (also known as floral waters, hydroflorates, or distillate waters) are by-products from steam-distilling plant materials to produce essential oils. When plant material is brewed with water the steam fills the pot and, as it rises, causes the glands of the plants to burst, releasing the oils and essence of the plant into the steam. The oil rises through a condenser and collects in a separate vessel, becoming essential oil. The water used to steam the plants is the hydrosol. Similar to the essential oils collected, the hydrosols contain the essence of the plant but in a milder and water-soluble form, making them suitable for all manner of applications where essential oils would be too strong.
Jewelweed—Jewelweed (Impatiens capensis) is a native plant of eastern North America and is best known for its skin healing properties. The leaves and juice from the stem of jewelweed have traditionally been used to treat the effects of poison ivy and other plant-induced rashes, as well as other types of dermatitis. Jewelweed is thought to work by counteracting the chemicals in other plants that cause irritation, although scientific studies have not supported this claim. As a folk remedy, jewelweed has also been used to treat bruises, burns, cuts, eczema, insect bites, sores, sprains, warts, and ringworm.
Jojoba Oil—Jojoba (pronounced ho-ho-ba) is a botanical extract of the seed of the jojoba tree (Simmondsia chinenis), a perennial found in the southwestern desert regions. Rather than being actual oil, jojoba “oil” is actually a liquid wax that is very similar to skin’s natural oil (sebum). Jojoba oil is a moisturizer that is used in skin and hair care products and doesn’t evaporate like water-based moisturizers. It is considered to be non-comedogenic (i.e., does not clog skin pores). Jojoba oil is also used for its antimicrobial properties, helping to heal sores and wounds.
Kaolin—Kaolin clay is made up of the constituent kaolinite, composed of aluminum oxide and silica, and has a multitude of uses. Kaolin can be found in pottery, toothpaste, light bulbs, paper, and food additives, and is used to help treat diarrhea (e.g., in Kaopectate). Kaolin has traditionally been used in cosmetic applications to prevent caking, for cleaning and drying skin, and increasing circulation. The only known toxic effects that may be associated with kaolin are breathing in the dust from industrial level exposure such as mining.
Kenaf—A relative of hibiscus and cotton, kenaf is an herbaceous annual plant indigenous to West Africa. Considered a more environmentally-friendly alternative to soft- and hardwood paper products, kenaf is a rapid-growth and high-yield plant that produces more than twice the amount of fiber per acre as a pine forest. It requires less chemical applications, heat, and time to produce because the fibers are not as tough as wood pulp. In addition, kenaf production requires fewer pesticides and herbicides and is naturally whiter than wood pulp, therefore requiring less bleaching.
Lanolin—Lanolin is a substance secreted by the sebaceous glands of sheep and extracted from the wool after the sheep has been shorn. Chemically similar to wax, it is used as a skin moisturizer and protector, absorbed without clogging the pores. Lanolin can be used to treat chapped lips, diaper rash, dry skin, itchy skin, rough feet, minor cuts, minor burns and skin abrasions. Medical-grade lanolin (i.e., is well-refined and free of pesticides and impurities) is hypoallergenic and limits the growth of bacteria, and can be used by breast-feeding mothers on sore and cracked nipples. Also used as an ointment base, it is readily absorbed through skin, facilitating absorption of the medicinal chemicals it carries. Note that using cosmetic products that contain impure lanolin can result in an allergic reaction in some people, due to the additives or impurities that have not been removed.
Lavender—The genus Lavendula contains 39 species of flowering plants. Lavenders are widely grown in gardens and are used in dried flower and potpourris. The plant is also grown commercially for extraction of lavender oil from the flowers. This oil is considered to have many medicinal properties including antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and antidepressant. It was used in hospitals during World War I to disinfect floors and walls. Lavender extracts are popularly used as fragrances in many products and for aromatherapy, providing a soothing fragrance. Externally, lavender can soothe skin irritations, acne, and insect bites, and can be used in insect repellants. Used in herbal teas, lavender can soothe headaches, aid sleep and relaxation, and help with digestive problems.
Lemongrass—This genus (Cymbogon) contains 55 species of tall, perennial grasses that are native to warm temperate and tropical regions of the Old World and Oceana. Common names include lemongrass, citronella grass, silky heads, fever grass, or barbed wire grass, among many others. Lemongrass has a citrus flavor and can be dried and powdered, or used fresh. It is widely used as an herb in Asian, African, and Latin American cuisine, and is commonly used in teas, soups, and curries. Known for its fragrance, lemongrass is used in perfumes as well as candles (i.e., citronella candles that deter insects). Research indicates that lemongrass oil has antifungal properties and can be used to aid the digestive system.
Linden Extract—Linden trees grow in the temperate climates of Europe, Asia and North America. The flower of the plant is the part that is most frequently used in herbal remedies such as teas and extracts. Linden flower tea is used for soothing colds and fevers as well as for digestive problems. Linden extract—used in bath salts and creams—is antioxidant rich and helps to soothe irritated skin, reduce inflammation, and help treat blemished skin.
Linear Alkylate Sulfonate (LAS)—LAS is the most widely used surfactant (i.e., a surface active agent that helps in removing dirt) found in laundry powders and liquids. LAS can cause contact dermatitis, eye irritation, respiratory irritation and, if ingested, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. In the environment, LAS can produce toxic and corrosive fumes such as sulfur oxides upon degradation in heat; however, EPA generally considers this surfactant to be a better choice for the environment.
Low-Impact Dyes—A low-impact dye is a petroleum-based synthetic dye that has a high absorption rate, such that most of the dye gets absorbed by the fabric. This means there is less water required in the rinse process and less dye runs off in the water (so fewer other chemicals are required to fix the dye to the fabric); therefore they are generally considered to be better for the environment. In addition, low-impact dyes typically do not contain heavy metals. However, no dye is completely impact-free, and most are still derived from petrochemical ingredients.
Nanoparticles—Nanoparticles are microscopic particles that are sized below 100 nanometers (a nanometer is one billionth of a meter). Mineral nanoparticles are being used more frequently in sunscreens and mineral makeup products because they are less visible when applied to the skin. However, there are starting to be some potential health and environmental concerns. Nanoparticles, since they are so small, may be able to more readily penetrate the skin barrier and enter the bloodstream. Further, they may have faster impact on the environment, particularly to microbes, because of their size.
Neem—Neem oil is a vegetable oil pressed from the fruits and seeds of Neem (Azadirachta indica), an evergreen tree that grows in tropical climates. It is used in skin care products and cosmetics as well as an insect repellent and biopesticide in organic farming. In Ayurvedic, Unani and folkloric traditional medicine, it is used in the treatment of a wide range of afflictions, particularly for the treatment of skin diseases, inflammations and fevers, and rheumatic disorders. Neem oil has an extensive history of use in India and surrounding regions, and more recently in the western world. Neem oil should be avoided by pregnant women and by those trying to conceive.
Nitrosamines—Nitrosamines are an indavertent creation of a combination of ingredients used in cosmetics and personal care products like liquid soaps and shampoos. When certain proteins (such as the additives used to adjust pH or as wetting agents) are combined with preservatives, they break down into nitrates, which in turn break down into nitrosamines. This is a potential concern since nitrosamines are listed by the EPA as possible human carcinogenic compounds that can be absorbed through the skin.
Octyl-Methoxycinnamate—Also known as octinoxate, octyl-methoxycinnamate is a common ingredient used in sunscreen and lip balms since it helps absorbs UV rays and is insoluble in water. However, recent studies indicate that is a suspected hormone disruptor.
Optical Brighteners—Optical brighteners are chemicals that make fabrics seem brighter or whiter than they are by remaining behind on clean laundry as a coating of microscopic fluorescent particles. When light hits these particles, there is an optical illusion created that tricks the eye into thinking the clothes are super clean. Optical brighteners can cause allergic reactions in people: when they rub off from laundered clothes onto skin and come into contact with sunlight, they can create a rash or irritation. In addition, many optical brighteners are derived from benzene, a toxic compound, and do not break down in the environment, remaining in the waters where they can be toxic to aquatic life.
Organic Cotton—Organic cotton is grown without pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, chemical fertilizers or any other chemicals, unlike conventional cotton, which is one of the most chemically dependent crops. More labor-intensive but less productive than regular cotton, nevertheless organic cotton uses agricultural methods designed to help sustain the land it grows on. In the U.S., both conventional and organic cotton are mostly machine-picked; in some developing countries, cotton is still harvested by hand.
Organic Wool—Organic wool comes from sheep raised according to organic regulations, i.e., synthetic hormones and chemical pesticides may not be used on the sheep, organic feed must be used, and farms can only carry to capacity, preventing land degradation from overgrazing. In addition, since untreated wool is naturally fire-resistant, it is a good choice for children's sleepwear, which is required by law to be flame-retardant.
Oxygen Bleach—Oxygen bleaches are used in laundry, household, and carpet cleaning compounds, and work by releasing oxygen for cleaning and bleaching of stains and dirt upon addition to water. They are available in liquid (i.e., hydrogen peroxide) or powdered (i.e., sodium percobonate or sodium perborate) form. Powdered bleaches are made by treating soda ash or borax with hydrogen peroxide. Oxygen bleach helps clean dirt and organic stains without the use of toxic and hazardous materials such as chlorine, a commonly used bleach. In addition, oxygen bleaches are considered to be non-toxic to animals, plants and humans, and are environmentally friendly as they break down into non-toxic products after the oxygen is released.
Panthenol—Panthenol is a non-irritating form of vitamin B5 that is usually derived from botanical sources. Used for years in hair care products, it is now also being used in skin care products to add moisture to aid in reducing wrinkles. Panthenol is also used to treat sunburns, irritations, dryness and other minor skin disorders. One study suggested panthenol as an alternative treatment for acne because it counteracts bacteria. Panthenol reduces inflammation, soothes irritation and initiates the rebuilding of skin without negative side effects; any overabundance of vitamin B5 is eliminated as waste from the body.
Patchouli—Patchouli essential oil is steam-distilled from the leaves of this plant (a bushy herb–Pogostomon cablin—of the mint family). It has a strong and distinct scent, and has been used for centuries in perfumes and traditional medicine for skin conditions such as dermatitis, eczema, dry skin, and acne; as a remedy for insect bites; as a fumigant to prevent fevers and strengthen the immune system; and as a moth repellent in fabrics. In aromatherapy, patchouli oil is used as a balancer—relaxing yet stimulating, particularly for weak immune systems conditions resulting from stress and anxiety.
Peach Stone—The stone, or pit, of a peach can be finely ground up and used as a natural ingredient in cosmetics to clean, exfoliate and slough skin. Peach stone is an environmentally-friendly alternative to the micro-beads of plastic found in many skin care products; the small plastics can end up in aquatic systems where they do not degrade quickly and are ingested by all kinds of aquatic wildlife.
Peppermint—This is a hybrid mint—a cross between watermint and spearmint—that is native to Europe. Used for centuries for medicinal purposes, peppermint is sometimes regarded as “the world's oldest medicine.” Peppermint is used as a digestive aid; in dental care; for respiratory problems; and for nausea and headaches, among other uses. Peppermint oil has recently been shown to reduce symptoms of irritable bowl syndrome (IBS). Peppermint is a suitable taste for most people, so it is often used as a flavoring in tea, ice cream, chewing gum, candies and toothpaste. Peppermint can also be found in some shampoos and soaps to give the hair a minty scent and produce a cooling sensation on the skin. In addition, peppermint oil is sometimes used as a natural insecticide.
Petrochemicals—Petrochemicals are chemical products made from raw materials of petroleum (i.e., oil) or other hydrocarbons such as coal and natural gas, all of which are non-renewable sources. Petrochemicals are often used in household cleaners, cosmetics, clothing, food containers, and pesticides used on crops; however, they can have many adverse health effects, as they can emit harmful VOCs, contain ingredients that are harmful when ingested, and in extreme cases cause cancer.
Petrolatum—More commonly known as Vaseline, petrolatum is made from the non-renewable resource petroleum, and is used industrially as a grease component.
Used in cosmetics and skin care products, it forms an oily film over the skin preventing moisture from evaporating, but inhibits normal skin respiration by keeping oxygen out. Although it has been considered generally non-toxic, there is recent concern about impurities in petrolatum that can cause cancer; in addition, it can cause an allergic reaction to those with sensitive skin.
Pine Tar—Pine tar is a sticky material resulting from the burning of pine wood, and is used as a wood preservative, in soaps, for the treatment of skin conditions and as an expectorant and antiseptic. It is an old remedy in soaps for psoriasis and eczema. However, it can cause allergic reactions in some people, and can contain creosotes and sulfur that can cause irritations.
Polycarbonate Plastic—This is a durable, shatter-resistant, and heat-resistant plastic, which makes it a popular material for tableware, food storage containers, and reusable bottles (including baby and water bottles). However, it is known to contain the hormone-disrupting chemical bisphenol-A (BPA), though in low quantities.
Polyether Sulphone (PES) Plastic—PES is a newer plastic that is replacing polycarbonate in products like water bottles and baby bottles. No plasticizers or stabilizers are needed for this polymer, and laboratory studies have found that PES does not leach BPA or phthalates like polycarbonate plastic can. It is considered chemically inert and non-toxic.
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET or #1 PETE)—PETE plastics are the most commonly recycled types of plastic and are used in food storage containers and water bottles. However, they are single-use only and should not be reused because they cannot be properly washed. In addition, some studies indicate leaching of the heavy metal antimony and phthalates into the food or beverage product, and storage in sun can accelerate the leaching process.
Polypropylene (#5 PP)—This is a plastic that does not leach known carcinogens or hormone disruptors. It is most commonly seen in reusable containers, though it is not frequently recycled. It has a high melting point, so is used for holding hot liquids that are cooled in the containers (e.g., ketchup and syrup).
Polystyrene—Better known by the brand name Styrofoam, polystyrene is made from nonrenewable, hazardous chemicals that can potentially leach into food and water. It is a common product used for food and beverage containers, and also is used as a food additive in cereals. It has been found to accumulate in human tissue, and is a neurotoxin, hormone/reproductive disruptor, and possible human carcinogen. In addition, polystyrene never breaks down, staying in the environment forever.
Preservatives—Synthetic preservatives used in cosmetics—such as parabens, imidazolidinyl urea, formaldehyde, phenoxyethanol, and quaternium 15—are used to extend the shelf life of cosmetics as well as minimize microbial growth. However, they can cause allergies and skin irritation. In addition, parabens (including methyl-, propyl-, ethyl- and butyl-paraben) mimic estrogen and may act as hormone disruptors when absorbed into the bloodstream. Preservatives are not treated in wastewater treatment plants, ending up in waterways where they can harm beneficial microbes.
Pyrethrin—Pyrethrin is derived from a species of chrysanthemum and is used as an insecticide. Sometimes organophosphates pesticides and other similar ingredients may be added to the pyrethrin to deliver a more lethal dose to the insects. Pyrethrin can be highly toxic to fish and tadpoles, and in humans can cause asthma attacks, headache, nausea, tremors, convulsions, burning, and itching.
Pyrethroid—This is a synthetic chemical compound created to be similar to the plant-derived compound pyrethrin. It is a common ingredient in insecticides and considered to be less toxic that other alternatives. However, it is a neurotoxin, can cause skin irritation, is a known carcinogen, mimics estrogen, and is toxic to fish and birds. In addition, to increase effectiveness in insecticides, pyrethroid is sometimes mixed with organophosphate pesticides or other kinds of potentially harmful synthetic insecticides and catalysts.
Resorcinol—Resorcinol (or resorcin) is a synthetic chemical compound used externally as an antiseptic and disinfectant. It is used in ointments for the treatment of chronic skin diseases such as psoriasis, eczema and acne, as an anti-dandruff agent in shampoo, and in sunscreen, cosmetics and hair dyes. Although it is designated as safe for use by the FDA, it is considered to be an eye and skin irritant, toxic to the environment, and potentially toxic to human health by the European Union.
Rosemary—Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is a small evergreen shrub found growing in Mediterranean areas as well as in many regions of North America. The leaf of the plant is used medicinally as well as in many types of cuisine. Rosemary is extremely high in iron, calcium, and vitamin B6. Medicinally, rosemary oil is used for digestive problems, circulatory problems, pain, wounds, eczema, muscle pain, rheumatism and depression. Rosemary oil has properties that can improve hair growth and is an ingredient in many natural hair products. It may also be found in mouthwash, acting as a disinfectant, and the plant and oil can be used as a natural insect repellant.
Slippery Elm Bark—Slippery elm (Ulmus fulva) is a valuable tree that has many uses in herbal medicine, as it is a very soothing substance. The inner bark of the tree contains the mucilage (i.e., the gummy substance in the bark) that has the most health benefits. It is typically dried and ground into a powder that can be made into poultices, drinks, tablets and capsules, and lozenges. Slippery elm is used to soothe the digestive tract, as a healing salve for inflammations, for healing of the female organs, and as a nourishing food.
Sodium Monofluorophosphate—Sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP) is a form of fluoride used in toothpaste to prevent cavities. Although there are cautions against accidental ingestion, fluoride is considered by the FDA to be an acceptable addition to toothpastes, and the levels are regulated. Most concerns about fluoride are related to controversies involving fluoridating municipal drinking water, which is a separate issue.
Sulfuric Acid—Sulfuric acid is a highly corrosive liquid used for a variety of industrial uses as well as in household products such as bathroom cleaners, laundry detergents, and hand soaps. Because of its corrosivity, sulfuric acid is a skin, eye and respiratory irritant, and is a suspected human carcinogen.
Sunflower Oil—Sunflower oil is expressed from sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seeds and contains essential fatty acids and Vitamin E. Sunflower oil is used in cooking and in cosmetic formulations as an emollient to help retain moisture in the skin. It is used in a wide variety of cosmetics and personal care products, including bath products, makeup, cleansing products, hair care products, skin care products, and suntan products.
Surfactants—Surface active agents (i.e., surfactants) are chemicals that lower the surface tension of a liquid, making surfaces more susceptible to water and allowing easier spreading. They are used in household cleaning products to help the cleaning agents to more easily penetrate stains and wash them away. However, some surfactants may be toxic to human health and the environment.
Synthetic Fragrances—Synthetic fragrances are widely used in personal care products, and are typically derived from petroleum products. Increasingly, these compounds are believed to be triggers of allergic reactions, asthma, and headaches. Some have been found to accumulate in tissue and breast milk, and suspected of being hormone disruptors. Synthetic fragrances also typically contain phthalates, which have been linked to allergies, organ damage and endocrine disruption, among other health problems; phthalates are not regulated in cosmetics. Additionally, synthetic fragrances are not treated by most wastewater treatment methods and end up in aquatic environments where they are proving to be harmful to aquatic life.
Tallow—Tallow is rendered from beef or sheep fat; it contains water-insoluble compounds and is usually hard in consistency. Tallow is frequently used in bar soap as a cleansing and emulsifying product. It is also used in shaving creams, lipsticks, shampoos, soaps and some laundry products.
Tea Tree Oil—Tea tree oil is an essential oil obtained by steam distillation of the leaves of Melaleuca alternifolia, a plant native to Australia. Historically, the leaves were used as a substitute for tea, which is how the tree got its name. Now recognized for its medicinal benefits, tea tree oil is a natural antibacterial disinfectant due to the presence of terpenoids, which have been found to have antiseptic and antifungal effects. Tea tree oil is used as a remedy for skin infections and irritations, minor wounds, and respiratory problems. Although most commonly found as a pure essential oil, tea tree oil is also an ingredient in skin and hair care products. Caution should be used when taken internally.
